Animal Nutrition

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13 vitamins essential to humans have been identified.

Vitamins are grouped into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

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Minerals

Minerals are simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts. Minerals serve a variety of important functions including enzymes cofactors.

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Dietary Deficiencies

Undernourishment is the result of a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires.

Malnourishment is the long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients.

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Undernourishment

An undernourished individual will

Use up stored fat and carbohydrates

Break down its own proteins

Lose muscle mass

Suffer protein deficiency of the brain

Die or suffer irreversible damage.

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Malnourishment

Malnourishment can cause deformities, disease, and death. Malnourishment can be corrected by changes to a diet.

Insights into human nutrition have come from epidemiology, the study of human health and disease in populations.

Neural tube defects were found to be the result of a deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers.

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Question: Can diet influence the frequency of birth defects?

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The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Ingestion is the act of eating. There are a variety of types of eating:

Suspension feeders

Substrate feeders

Fluid feeders

Bulk feeders

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Suspension Feeders

Many aquatic animals are suspension feeders, which sift small food particles from the water.

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Humpback whale, a suspension feeder

Baleen

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Substrate feeders are animals that live in or on their food source.

Leaf miner caterpillar, a substrate feeder

Caterpillar Feces

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