Biotechnology

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Viral DNA carrying the normal allele inserts into chromosome.

Inject engineered cells into patient.

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Slide 93

Pharmaceutical Products

Advances in DNA technology and genetic research are important to the development of new drugs to treat diseases

Slide 94

The drug imatinib is a small molecule that inhibits overexpression of a specific leukemia-causing receptor

Pharmaceutical products that are proteins can be synthesized on a large scale

Synthesis of Small Molecules for Use as Drugs

Slide 95

Host cells in culture can be engineered to secrete a protein as it is made

This is useful for the production of insulin, human growth hormones, and vaccines

Protein Production in Cell Cultures

Slide 96

Transgenic animals are made by introducing genes from one species into the genome of another animal

Transgenic animals are pharmaceutical “factories,” producers of large amounts of otherwise rare substances for medical use

“Pharm” plants are also being developed to make human proteins for medical use

Protein Production by “Pharm” Animals and Plants

Slide 97

Fig. 20-23

Slide 98

Fig. 20-23a

Slide 99

Fig. 20-23b

Slide 100

Forensic Evidence and Genetic Profiles

An individual’s unique DNA sequence, or genetic profile, can be obtained by analysis of tissue or body fluids

Genetic profiles can be used to provide evidence in criminal and paternity cases and to identify human remains

Genetic profiles can be analyzed using RFLP analysis by Southern blotting

Slide 101

Even more sensitive is the use of genetic markers called short tandem repeats (STRs), which are variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences

PCR and gel electrophoresis are used to amplify and then identify STRs of different lengths

The probability that two people who are not identical twins have the same STR markers is exceptionally small

Slide 102

Fig. 20-24

This photo shows Earl Washington just before his release in 2001, after 17 years in prison.