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Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton
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·Shakespeare 1564-1616.

·Age of Exploration, Colonization.

·Supernovae, 1572, 1604 shook idea of heavens as unchanging.

Slide 16

·Ptolemaic SystemPlanets appear to reverse motions at times.

·Ptolemaic SystemPlanets appear to reverse motions at times.

·Ptolemy explained motions in terms of orbits (epicycles) carried on a larger orbit (deferent).

Slide 17

·Ptolemaic SystemEpicycle deferent ratios were very close to modern values of planet/earth orbit ratios. System worked very well.

·Ptolemaic SystemEpicycle deferent ratios were very close to modern values of planet/earth orbit ratios. System worked very well.

·Contrary to popular myths, Ptolemy's system was not overly cumbersome, and it accounted for subtleties like the uneven motion of the Sun

·It is not Ptolemy's fault he did such a good job that it took 1500 years to improve on him!

Slide 18

How Ptolemy Dealt With Unequal Speeds

How Ptolemy Dealt With Unequal Speeds

Slide 19

Why this was a hot topic Alfonso the Wise of Castile published tables based on Ptolemy, 1200’s

Why this was a hot topic Alfonso the Wise of Castile published tables based on Ptolemy, 1200’s

Tables were out of date by 1500

System began to seem cumbersome and inelegant

Need for calendar reform

Gregorian Calendar, 1582

System was beginning to seem clumsy

Slide 20

Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 First known modern person to propose the Earth circles the Sun

Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 First known modern person to propose the Earth circles the Sun

Not known how he arrived at the idea

Died just as theory was published

Not much story to tell

Luther; “this fool wants to overturn the whole science of astronomy”

Slide 21

Possible clues to Copernican idea

Possible clues to Copernican idea

Epicycle motions for Venus and Mercury opposite other planets.

·Epicycle for Sun's motion appeared in schemes for all other planets.

·References to now-lost ideas of Aristarchus of Samos

Slide 22

Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 A thoroughgoing medieval mystic

Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 A thoroughgoing medieval mystic

Left detailed accounts of his reasoning

Generally a much more interesting story than Copernicus

Slide 23

The Platonic Solids

The Platonic Solids

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Kepler’s Nested Spheres

Kepler’s Nested Spheres

Slide 25

How Did Kepler Know the Spacing?

How Did Kepler Know the Spacing?

Slide 26

The Kepler Solids

The Kepler Solids

Slide 27

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