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The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
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Macromolecules vary among cells of an organism, vary more within a species, and vary even more between species

An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers

2

3

HO

H

Slide 9

Concept 5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material

Concept 5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material

Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars

The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or single sugars

Carbohydrate macromolecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

Slide 10

Sugars

Sugars

Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O

Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide

Monosaccharides are classified by

The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or ketose)

The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Slide 11

Fig. 5-3

Fig. 5-3

Dihydroxyacetone

Ribulose

Ketoses

Aldoses

Fructose

Glyceraldehyde

Ribose

Glucose

Galactose

Hexoses (C6H12O6)

Pentoses (C5H10O5)

Trioses (C3H6O3)

Slide 12

Fig. 5-3a

Fig. 5-3a

Aldoses

Glyceraldehyde

Ribose

Glucose

Galactose

Hexoses (C6H12O6)

Pentoses (C5H10O5)

Trioses (C3H6O3)

Slide 13

Fig. 5-3b

Fig. 5-3b

Ketoses

Dihydroxyacetone

Ribulose

Fructose

Hexoses (C6H12O6)

Pentoses (C5H10O5)

Trioses (C3H6O3)

Slide 14

Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings

Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings

Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules

Slide 15

Fig. 5-4

Fig. 5-4

(a) Linear and ring forms

(b) Abbreviated ring structure

Slide 16

Fig. 5-4a

Fig. 5-4a

(a) Linear and ring forms

Slide 17

Fig. 5-4b

Fig. 5-4b

(b) Abbreviated ring structure

Slide 18

A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage

Animation: Disaccharides

Slide 19

Fig. 5-5

Fig. 5-5

(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

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