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The Chemistry of Acids and Bases
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Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide “MOM” Milk of magnesia

Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide Maalox (antacid)

Slide 12

Acid/Base definitions

Acid/Base definitions

Definition #1: Arrhenius (traditional)

Acids – produce H+ ions (or hydronium ions H3O+)

Bases – produce OH- ions

(problem: some bases don’t have hydroxide ions!)

Slide 13

Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H+ (H3O+) in water

Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH- in water

Slide 14

Acid/Base Definitions

Acid/Base Definitions

Definition #2: Brønsted – Lowry

Acids – proton donor

Bases – proton acceptor

A “proton” is really just a hydrogen atom that has lost it’s electron!

Slide 15

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor

A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor

A Brønsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor

acid

conjugate base

base

conjugate acid

Slide 16

ACID-BASE THEORIES

ACID-BASE THEORIES

The Brønsted definition means NH3 is a BASE in water — and water is itself an ACID

Slide 17

Conjugate Pairs

Conjugate Pairs

Slide 18

Learning Check!

Learning Check!

Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in each reaction:

HONORS ONLY!

HCl + OH-  Cl- + H2O

H2O + H2SO4  HSO4- + H3O+

Slide 19

Acids & Base Definitions

Acids & Base Definitions

Lewis acid - a substance that accepts an electron pair

Lewis base - a substance that donates an electron pair

Definition #3 – Lewis

Slide 20

Lewis Acids & Bases

Lewis Acids & Bases

Formation of hydronium ion is also an excellent example.

Electron pair of the new O-H bond originates on the Lewis base.

Slide 21

Lewis Acid/Base Reaction

Lewis Acid/Base Reaction

Slide 22

Lewis Acid-Base Interactions in Biology

Lewis Acid-Base Interactions in Biology

The heme group in hemoglobin can interact with O2 and CO.

The Fe ion in hemoglobin is a Lewis acid

O2 and CO can act as Lewis bases

Heme group

Slide 23

The pH scale is a way of expressing the strength of acids and bases. Instead of using very small numbers, we just use the NEGATIVE power of 10 on the Molarity of the H+ (or OH-) ion. Under 7 = acid 7 = neutral Over 7 = base

The pH scale is a way of expressing the strength of acids and bases. Instead of using very small numbers, we just use the NEGATIVE power of 10 on the Molarity of the H+ (or OH-) ion. Under 7 = acid 7 = neutral Over 7 = base

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